Online ahead of print.īACKGROUND: Carotid webs (CaW) are now recognized as a cause of ischemic stroke in young patients. Additionally, future work should investigate if fat may compensate for the degeneration of the intrinsic muscles of the foot, with implications for both the use of orthotics and pain management. Further work is required to understand in detail the morphological and mechanical presence of fat in the foot, and compare these findings with pathological cohorts, such as sarcopenia. Fat within the foot muscles may need to be considered a norm when comparing healthy and non-healthy subjects, and for therapeutic interventions to the foot. Conclusions: These findings suggest that fat within the PMSF is a consistent but highly variable finding in elderly cohorts. The presence of fat was further confirmed with plastination and confocal microscopy.
Results: All feet had fat located within the PMSF, averaging 25.8% (range, 16.5-39.4%) of the total PMSF volume. Fat volume and percentage was calculated using a modified Cavalieri's method.
#OSIRIX MD SOFTWARE MANUAL#
Fat in the plantar muscular space of the foot (PMSF) was quantified through the previously validated manual fat quantification method, which involved observing photographs of each section and identifying regions using OsiriX. Materials and Methods: 18 cadaveric feet (mean age 79 years) were sectioned sagittally and photographed bilaterally. The existence of fat has to date not been quantified or compared between individuals according to age, sex, side or subregion. The role of age- or pathology-related degeneration and the presence of fat within muscles in foot function and pain remains unclear. doi: 10.3390/medicina58020154.īackground and Objectives: The foot comprises of active contractile and passive connective tissue components, which help maintain stability and facilitate movement during gait.